4^th Global Surgery and Transplantation Congress (715th Conference) October 03-04, 2016 Atlanta,Georgia, USA

The Kidney is the most commonly transplanted organ from a living donor and the deceased donor transplantation is a transplant where the donated kidney takes from died person.Immunosuppressive medications that help suppress the immune system. Pediatric Renal transplantation is accepted as the treatment option for children with final stage of renal disease. HLA and ABO incompatible transplantations conduct in end-stage kidney disease individuals. Hyperacute rejection usually takes place within the first 24 hours after transplantation. Chronic acute rejection occurs months to years following transplantation.

A stem cell transplant is a medical procedure in which diseased bone marrow is replaced by highly specialized stem cells that progress into healthy bone marrow. Stem cells are versatile cells with the ability to divide and develop into many other kinds of cells. The root for stem cell transplantation is that blood cells (red cells, white cells and platelets) and immune cells (lymphocytes) arise from the stem cells, which are present in marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood. Intense chemotherapy or radiation therapy kills the patient's stem cells. This stops the stem cells from producing sufficient blood and immune cells.

Intestinal transplant is a relatively new surgery for people whose intestines are failing. In some cases of severe Crohn's disease or other illnesses, most of the small intestine may be removed. Some people have so much of their small intestine removed that their bodies no longer can absorb nutrients (short bowel syndrome). Intestinal transplants carry a high risk of death during surgery and of complications, including rejection of the new organs.

Islet transplantation is the transplantation of isolated islets from a donor pancreas and into another person. In auto grafts transplant the tissue from same person and in allografts transplant an organ or tissue from genetically non identical persons of the same species. Maintain diet and nutrition after pancreas transplantation, to keep pancreas healthy and after post islet and pancreas transplantation according to the immunological risk follow the immunosuppressive medications.

End stage failure of organs the immune system is lacking ability to distinguish the existence of beneficial and harmful foreign pathogens. Immune system has developed effective mechanisms to fight foreign agents so these mechanisms are involved in transplant rejection. Graft-versus-host diseases are common problems in allogeneic tissue transplantation

Hair stem cell transplantation is used due to the damage of hair follicle and several modern approaches are using in trichology treatments and number of type surgeries are using in hair transplantation like androgenetic alopecia.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually obtained from bone marrow, peripheral blood. In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation two types of grafts are there autologous and allogeneic. In leukaemia and cancer diseases stem cell transplantation can be used to restore with healthy bone marrow and patients who have blood disorders like lymphoma and other genetic boold diseases. After transplantation drugs are taken to suppress immune system so unfortunately that shows some side effects.

There are selective criteria for potential lung donors due to the needs of the potential recipients, after lung transplantation several pulmonary infections like bacterial, viral and fungal infections will takes place. Lung transplantation is accepted therapeutic option with end stage lung diseases, several ethical issues are associated with lung transplantation process. Non infectious medical complications are arise from this lung transplantation and better supervision of medical complications leads to better long term outcomes.

Pediatric heart transplantation is important treatment choice in the end stage of heart disease in children. In heart transplantation some post-operative complications are there, those are infections, organ rejection as well as side effects due to immunosuppressive medications. Antibody mediated effects are major complications after heart transplantation, constitute a particular risks in allografts failure.

In orthotopic approach replacing the recipient liver with the donor liver and in heterotopic liver transplantation, the recipient's liver is left in place. Indications for Liver Transplantation are Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.  ABO blood type, height, weight, and chest circumference are obtained for recipient matching. Partial and split liver grafts are used for pediatric transplantation. Many ethical issues are associated with liver transplantation.

A blood transfusion is a harmless, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an intravenous (IV) line in one of your blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or due to a serious damage. A transfusion also may be done if your body can't make blood well because of an illness. During a blood transfusion, a small needle is used to insert an IV line into one of your blood vessels. Through this line, you receive healthy blood. The process commonly takes 1 to 4 hours, depending on how much blood you need.

Two types of transplantations are there in face transplantation, those are partial and full face transplantation methods, so many ethical issues are involved in face transplantation those are related to identity and psychological effects. A reconstructive transplant, also termed a vascularized complex transplant or vascularized composite allograft, is an operation that can comprise the transplantation of skin, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and sometimes bone. This transplants facial structures which may include areas from the scalp and skull down to the jaw and chin to help return function that has been vanished due to trauma or malformation.

Corneal transplantation is also known as corneal grafting, some new technologies are developed in corneal transplantation include limbal stem cell transplantation and biosynthetic corneas, developed bioengineering techniques to construct a corneal tissue for transplantation. Different types of keratoplasties include optical, therapeutic and cosmetic, using retinal transplantation to restore sight by replacing infectious cells in the retina with healthy cells.

Clinical studies on Transplantation comprise Transplantation research using human volunteers (also called participants) that is planned to add to medical knowledge. Clinical trials focus directly on improving survival for patients undergoing transplantation surgery. Such studies usually seek to outline the clinical status of the Transplant surgery. 

The Transplant Survival Report displays an estimate of the number of patients who are alive after particular organ transplantation like heart, liver, kidney, lung, intestine, bone marrow transplant. Living donors are usually between 18 and 60 years of age and are often close relatives of the intended recipient. The prospective donor must have a compatible blood type, and in the case of kidney donation, tissue type, as determined by lab tests of the donor and recipient. The donor candidate is carefully evaluated by lab tests, a physical examination, and a psychosocial examination to ensure that the candidate is healthy enough to donate and that he or she is making an informed decision.